Bitcoin White Paper Turns 18 With Payment Verification Still at Its Core

TL;DR: Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the Bitcoin paper on October 31, 2008. Eighteen years later, its central contribution remains a way to verify payment history without a central transaction ledger.
Bitcoin’s white paper reached its eighteenth anniversary on October 31. The original mailing-list message survives as a compact announcement of a peer-to-peer electronic cash proposal, rather than a forecast of market capitalization or institutional demand.
Revisiting that document offers a useful