How Dutch start-up ASML rose to rule the world

ASML (Amsterdam: ASML) is the only commercial supplier of EUV lithography systems – machines that sit at the heart of the modern semiconductor industry. An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography system is roughly the size of a double-decker bus, weighs roughly 180 tonnes and costs more than €180 million. It fires lasers at tens of thousands of microscopic droplets of molten tin every second, creating a plasma that emits light at a wavelength of 13.5 nanometres. That light is used to pr